Haploid Cells Gametes and Spores

In microbiology, a haploid cell is the result of a diploid cell replicating and dividing twice through meiosis. Haploid means half. Each daughter cell produced from this division is haploid, meaning that it contains half the number of chromosomes as its parent cell. Juhari Muhade / Getty Images Haploid Vs. Diploid The difference between diploid and haploid cells is that diploids contain two complete sets of chromosomes and haploids contain only one set of chromosomes. Haploid cells are produced when a parent cell divides twice, resulting in two diploid cells with the full set of genetic material upon the first division and four haploid daughter cells with only half of the original genetic material upon the second. Meiosis Prior to the start of the meiotic cell cycle, a parent cell replicates its DNA, doubling its mass and organelle numbers in a stage known as interphase. A cell can then go through meiosis I, the first division, and meiosis II, the second and final division. A cell goes through multiple stages twice as it progresses through both divisions of meiosis:  prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. At the end of meiosis I, the parent cell splits into two daughter cells. Homologous chromosome pairs containing the parent chromosomes that were replicated during interphase then separate from each other and  sister chromatids—identical copies of the originally replicated chromosome—remain together. Each daughter cell has a complete copy of DNA at this point. The two cells then enter meiosis II, at the end of which the sister chromatids separate and the cells divide, leaving four male and female sex cells or gametes with half the number of chromosomes as the parent. Following meiosis, sexual reproduction can occur. Gametes randomly join to form unique fertilized eggs or zygotes during sexual reproduction. A zygote gets half its genetic material from its mother, a female sex gamete or egg, and half from its father, a male sex gamete or sperm. The resulting diploid cell has two complete sets of chromosomes.   Mitosis Mitosis occurs when a cell makes an exact copy of itself then splits, producing two diploid daughter cells with identical sets of chromosomes. Mitosis is a form of asexual reproduction, growth, or tissue repair. Haploid Number The haploid number is the number of chromosomes within the nucleus of a cell that constitutes one complete chromosomal set. This number is commonly denoted as n where n stands for the number of chromosomes. The haploid number is unique to the type of organism. In humans, the haploid number is expressed as n 23 because haploid human cells have one set of 23 chromosomes. There are 22 sets of autosomal chromosomes (or non-sex chromosomes) and one set of  sex chromosomes. Humans are diploid organisms, meaning they have one set of 23 chromosomes from their father and one set of 23 chromosomes from their mother. The two sets combine to form a full complement of 46 chromosomes. The total number of chromosomes is called the  chromosome number. Haploid Spores In organisms such as plants, algae, and fungi, asexual reproduction is accomplished through the production of haploid spores. These organisms have life cycles known as alternation of generations that alternate between haploid and diploid phases. In plants and algae, haploid spores develop into gametophyte structures without fertilization. A gametophyte produces gametes in what is considered the haploid phase of the life cycle. The diploid phase of the cycle consists of the formation of sporophytes. Sporophytes are diploid structures that develop from the fertilization of gametes.

The Cell Body - 1491 Words

1 - The Prototypical Neuron The neuron, also known as the nerve cell, is distinguished by several components: the soma, the axon, and the dendrites. The soma, or more commonly known as the cell body, is the semi-spherical central part of the neuron. In a typical neuron, it is about 20 um in diameter – and contains the same organelles that are found in all animal cells; a nucleolus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria. With all of its inner components encased within the neuronal membrane. The neuronal membrane is an average of 5 nm thick, and greatly studded with various proteins; the function of a neuron is greatly regulated by the structure and components (proteins) of its†¦show more content†¦The axon begins by extending away from the soma, with the base region being known as the axon hillock. The axon may then extend to various lengths (depending on the specific tissue/function that cell pertains to) ranging from less than a millimeter to over a meter; as well as splitting into numerous axon collaterals (axons that branch away from the original axon). As for the thickness of the axon, it ranges from less than a millimeter to 25 mm in diameter (in humans) - with the speed of electrical impulses (nerve impulse) directly proportional to the thickness of the axon. At the end of the axon, is the axon terminal or terminal bouton: which can be described as a swollen disk or button, where the axon comes into contact with another neuron, or another cell (e.g. muscle cell) by which information may be passed onto. This interface point is known as a synapse - with the end of the axon known as the presynaptic terminal; in this structure there are multiple synaptic vesicles (that average 50 nm in diameter) with various chemical signals (neurotransmitters) used for synaptic transmission (the process of information transfer). The membrane surrounding the synapse is heavily dense with proteins and ion c hannels, in order to receive and traffic theShow MoreRelatedThe Cell Body1875 Words   |  8 Pagessoma which is the whole cell body that holds everything for example the nucleus. The nucleus is arguably the most important part of the cell it contains all the DNA for the cell and its genetic material, the nucleus is the brain of the cell. Next there are dendrites which are pretty close to the nucleolus in the cell and the dendrites are branched projections of a neuron that act to propagate the electrochemical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, basically collecting informationRead MoreCell Membrane And The Cell Body917 Words   |  4 Pagesthe cell body, dendrites, axons and presynaptic terminal. The cell body (soma) contains the nucleus of a neuron and the endoplasmic reticulum. Extending out from the cell body are processes called dendrites and axons. These processes conduct nerve impulses. Dendrites conduct impulses toward the cell body while axons co nduct impulses away from the cell body. A fatty sheath called myelin sheath encases axons. It is the greatly expanded plasma membrane of an accessory cell called the Schwann cell whereRead MoreStem Cells And The Human Body1170 Words   |  5 PagesStem cells are different to all other cells in the human body because they have unique abilities to divide repeatedly, make many copies of themselves or differentiate into specialised cells such as skin cells, immune cells or nerve cells. Stem cells are also described as unspecialised because they are not yet advanced to perform an exact function. However, each of them has the potential to develop into one of a number of different specialised cell types depending on the body’s needs at a particularRead MoreStem Cells And The Human Body1421 Words   |  6 Pages Stem Cells Raven Carr Governor State University Stem Cells The human body is full of hundreds of special types of cells that are essential for ones every day health. These special cells are accountable for keeping our bodies going daily for instance making our brains think, hearts beat and, restoring our skin cells as they shed off. Stem cells are the provider for the development of new cells. â€Å"Stem cells have the amazing potential to expand into many different cell types in the body during earlyRead MoreStem Cells And Its Effects On The Body885 Words   |  4 Pages Stem cells have remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types during early life and growth in the body. Different tissues serve as all sorts of internal repair systems, dividing essentially without limit to replenish other cells as long as the person or even animal are still alive. When stem cells can divide, they can turn into new cells and have the potential either to remain a stem cell, or become another type of cell with a more specialized function. A cell with a specializedRead MoreHuman Cells And The Human Body1747 Words   |  7 PagesKidneys are one of the most essential organs in a human body which are crucial for blood filtration, toxins, and waste removal and maintaining and regulating the body’s pH. The researchers created kidney structures from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) called organoids which have the function and structural organization of a human fetal kidney in the first trimester. This study used the results of a previous study where human embryonic stem cells were differentiated towards a renal lineage. As a resultRead MoreStem Cells And Its Effect On The Body Essay2078 Words   |  9 PagesStem cells can be used to create different cells in the body. All stem cells can divide overtime to create another stem cell or a new type of cell which will have a more specialized role in the body. These new cells can function in different areas in the body and create different types of tissues such as a muscle tissue, a kidney tissue, a skin tissue, a lung tissue, and a brain tissue. There are different types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cellsRead MoreMicrobial Cells And The Human Body2131 Words   |  9 PagesIn the human body, there are many microbial cells and the number of microbial cells is 10 times greater than our human cells on the surfaces of our bodies (1, 2). In addition, the human gastrointestinal tract is the greatest collection of microbial cells, which contain plenty of bacteria, including different classes and subclass of microbe. Microbial cells reach around from ten million to one trillion cells per one gram of body weight in the human gastrointestinal tract content (2). The genomes ofRead MoreStem Cells And Its Effect On The Human Body1407 Words   |  6 Pages Stem cells are unspecialized cells of a multicellular organism and it has capability changing into any type cell. When stem cells divides, the new cell has the potential of choosing whether to stay a stem cell or turn into any type of specialized such as: skin cells, neurons, muscle cells and many more. Stem cells have no specific function but are special in their own way. In the early stage of the development, stem cells have the extraordinary potential to develop into any type of cell in theRead MoreProcess Of Dividing Body Cells And Their Nuclei Essay1268 Words   |  6 PagesYahya Bello Homework 1 Mitosis: can be defined as the process of dividing body cells and their nuclei. The body continually produced new cells by splitting from the ones that has already existed. Meiosis: can be defined as a particular form of cell splitting that generates reproductive cells, such as sperm and egg cells, plant and fungal spores. Steps involves in Mitosis Mitosis consists of four basic phases and they include prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Figure 1 shows the

The University Of Southern California - 1110 Words

There are over one thousand colleges in the U.S, but the University of Southern California is the college to attend for various reasons. USC is a well rounded school that provides a variety of clubs, activities, scholarship opportunities, and academic classes. The faculty and staff of the University of Southern California work hard to make each student that attends successful and well-prepared for the working environment in the near future. The University of Southern California began to develop in 1871 when the citizens of Los Angeles believed it was time to pursue the idea of establishing an institution of a higher education. Eight years later A citizen of LA, Judge Widney, formed a board of trustees and provides a donation of 308 lots of land from three community leaders. Soon USC was finally becoming a reality, It opened with only 53 students and 10 faculty members. The school soon thrived and things started to begin such as the school of music was founded in 1884, and the college of medicine began a year later. Soon after in 1947 a feisty stray dog named George was USC’s official first student body mascot. As of now the newest tradition to the University of Southern California is trojan mascot. The Trojan or traveler leads USC stadium chants at games, and has Provided USC spirit at rose parade, disneyland, Dave and Busters, and universal studios. The first trojan or traveler began by wearing what the actor C harlton Heston wore in â€Å"Ben Hur.†, and road at USC footballShow MoreRelatedThe University Of Southern California1490 Words   |  6 PagesThe University of Southern California promotes five pillars for all of its students to embody: faithful, scholarly, skillful, courageous, and ambitious. Of these five traits, a student’s possession of courage will take him or her on the greatest path to success. USC relates the trait â€Å"courageous† to itself by proclaiming that students â€Å"are bold when faced with opportunities to contribute to USC’s continuous efforts to build a greater university for generations to come† (â€Å"Five Traits of a Trojan†)Read MoreRCMS Suport Requirement of University of Southern California522 Words   |  2 PagesUniversity of Southern California (USC) established a system which provided some central resources to accommodate and support the requirements of the whole university. It was called RCMS. According to the university research committee report, RCM identified as an effective system. However, the committee stated that some modifications are required due to shortfalls of the system named as â€Å"perverse incentives†, including discouragement of innovations, raising the barriers on multidisciplinary researchesRead MoreManagement Control System of the University of Southern California3268 Words   |  14 PagesINTRODUCTION The purpose of this case study is to describe and analyse the features of the management control system (MCS) of University of Southern California (USC). Before commencing the analysis a brief background of USC is provided. The USC, located in Los Angeles, was established in 1880 as a private research institution. The universitys academic and administrative programs are led by the presidents cabinet, which is comprised of a provost and senior vice president for academic affairs,Read MoreCultural And Intellectual History At The University Of Southern California1901 Words   |  8 PagesKaren Halttunen is currently a professor of U.S. cultural and intellectual history at the University of Southern California. She has previously taught at the University of California Davis and Northwestern University after receiving her B.A. in History and Religious Studies from Brown University in 1973 and her Ph.D. from Yale University in 1979. Halttunen is the author of Confidence Men and Painted Women: A Study of Middle-Class Culture in America, 1830-1870 (1982) and Murder Most Foul: The KillerRead MoreCase Analysis : Christan Schools Filed A Lawsuit957 Words   |  4 Pagesthat University of Southern California deni ed courses to a Christan school; they were goverment, science, literature and history. Cody Young is an evangelical Christan student who attends a religious high school in Southern California. He had good grades, great test scores and a huge list of extracurricular activities. He has planned his future to include attending the University of California studying engineering. He would like a career in aerospace .. A christan high school in southern CaliforniaRead MoreI Am A Graduate From The University Of California851 Words   |  4 PagesIn 10 years, I hope to be a graduate from the University of California, Riverside, School of Medicine and be a practicing physician in Southern California. Though I will thoroughly explore all specialties, I have a particular interest in pediatrics. With frequent visits to the doctor’s office due to illnesses and infections from my vesicoureteral reflux, the health care setting became a place I was comfortable with. I developed a strong rel ationship with my pediatrician and aspired to be like himRead MoreThe Drought Of The Western United States1448 Words   |  6 PagesWP 4 The drought in the western United States is a nationwide concern that directly affects every person in California. It is every person’s responsibility to use water sustainably and no college, including the University of Southern California, is an exception. Rather than lagging behind sustainable water usage, USC should be at the forefront of it. On the surface of USC’s environmental sustainability campaign, it seems as if they are making sweeping changes; however directly under the first layerRead MoreImpact Of The Agricultural Industry On The United States Essay1676 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican meteorological society and Stanford University, says that the 2013 and 2014 drought in California was an exceptional climate event in the western coast of the United States( Swain) The drought that has impacted the state of California has been a national phenomena for a few years now and how it affects the climate and economic aspects of the United States economy has helped increase awareness to the general public of the United States. California has a majority of all farming in the U.SRead MoreLos Angeles : A City Five Hundred Miles Wide And Two Inches Deep1566 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing known as the University of Spoiled Children to Professor Gustafson’s notion of USC as the University of Service to the Community. This change is exemplified in the groundbreaking of a new building, Wallis Annenberg Hall. With over 20 classrooms and encompassing 88,000 square feet, the building demonstrates USC’s progress. Although its detractors claim that Wallis Annenberg Hall was an extraneous and costly venture that reinforces the notion that USC stands for the University of Spoiled ChildrenRead MoreSummary Of Schonberg s Exile 1068 Words   |  5 Pagesto Catholicism in his early years, his Jewish background forced him out of the very nation he yearned to improve.[iii] As a result of the â€Å"Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civi l Service,† which banned Jews from holding positions at universities, Schonberg was forced to leave his position at the Prussian Academy of Arts in Berlin, where he had been teaching since 1925. Soon after, while vacationing in France, he was warned that returning to Germany would be dangerous. He formally converted

Imperialism in Africa - 2182 Words

Explain what is meant by the term imperialism. Discuss the causes of imperialism in the 1800s. Kamar Findlay ID# 092165839 Mico University College Imperialism in Africa Mrs. Pitter October 29, 2011 Imperialism is the creation and or maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination (Johnston, 2000.p.375). In its simplest form Farah and Karls (2001) describes imperialism as one country’s domination of the political, economical and social life of another country. The Europeans imperialism during the 1800s occurs out of the advantages of strong economies, well organized governments and powerful armies and navies.†¦show more content†¦Nationalism in the extreme promotes the idea of national superiority. Industrialized countries therefore felt they had the right to take control of weaker areas. Countries also tried to increase their power through the control of more land and people. In the 1800s Europe underwent a renewed period of imperialism which was very sophisticated in its nature. Much emphasis was placed on gaining or controlling a colony. The resources and wealth gain from the colony was used to finance war and the army as well as the economy. The stronger a European military gets the more power full that country become in Europe and as such gaining the wealth from a colony could either break or build the power and prestige of a nation. When France for example, moved into West Africa, rival nations such as Britain and Germany seized lands nearby to halt further French expansion. In essence the Europeans taught of the colonies as a source of security. So strong and sophisticated was the sentiment of nationalism that it set of what was known as a ‘Scramble for Africa. West Africa was already known to the European but the interior was untouched. The Belgian king Leopold the second occupies and carry profitable economic activities in the Congo (South Central Africa). Before long Britain, France, Germany and Italy were all lock in a tussle, pressing rivals claim to the region. According to Bickers and HenriotShow MoreRelatedImperialism in South Africa1078 Words   |  5 PagesDuring Imperialistic times South Africa was a region of great resources that was greatly disputed over (Ellis). Europe’s main goal during these times was to compete against each other and played a â€Å"game† of which country can imperialize more African countries than the other. Imperialism was a curse to South Africa, because many wars, laws, and deaths were not necessary and would not have happened if South Africa were not imperialized. Imperialism is the domination by one country of political, economicRead MoreImperialism and South Africa1440 Words   |  6 PagesImperialism’s Effect on South Africa Imperialism was a movement that affected all parts of the world, beginning as early as the 19th century. Wealthy and established nations would annex and take control of underdeveloped nations and civilize them. This may sound good in theory, but Imperialism seemed to take advantage of the so-called â€Å"inferior† nations more than truly help them. The economic superpowers seized the land of the territories they thought to be subordinate, using it as trading depotsRead MoreImperialism in Africa Essay620 Words   |  3 PagesMelissa B5 Imperialism in Africa In the late 1800’s Europeans took over Africa, took their resources,enslaving the Africans, and changed the course of history. The Europeans took over Africa, which is called The Scramble For Africa, in 1884-1914. The Europeans took over because Africa was rich in raw materials, they wanted power, and they thought their culture was superior. The driving force behind imperialism was need for resources, political competition, and technological advances. One drivingRead More Imperialism in Africa Essay953 Words   |  4 PagesImperialism in Africa Imperialism is defined as one country’s domination of the political, economic, and social life of another country. In Africa in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, imperialism was present and growing. The main countries involved in the imperialism in Africa were the French, German, and Great Britain. The French’s empire was mainly in North and West Africa while Britain’s colonies were scattered throughout the continent. Germany ruled over such countries as TanganyikaRead MoreImperialism In South Africa Essay1299 Words   |  6 Pagesfor Lebanon, â€Å"So long as there is imperialism in the world, a permanent peace is impossible†. Throughout history the countries that have experienced imperialism from other countries have seen how it brings only conflicts and not peace. Africa has been one of the largest places to experience imperialism. Imperialism has affected Africa in many ways for a long time. However, one specific example of how imperialism broug ht anguish to people is the country of South Africa. An abundance of resources, butRead MoreEuropean Imperialism in Africa Essays1457 Words   |  6 PagesImperialism By the late 19th and early 20th century, Europe was expanding its borders. In an attempt to grow its economy and culture, Europe’s superpowers began to search for new soil. Africa was an easy target; it wasn’t politically secure and it wasn’t modernized. In addition, it had reliable soil which would enable Europe to produce cash crops. European nations began to pour into Africa, called the Scramble for Africa. Soon, Europe took control of Africa, taking raw materials and destroyed AfricanRead More Colonialism and Imperialism in Africa Essay1158 Words   |  5 PagesDisease and Imperialism in Africa      Ã‚  Ã‚   Diseases were prevalent in Africa during the time of European Imperialism. Disease affected both natives and European peoples in Africa. African diseases affected both natives and European explorers and soldiers as well as diseases brought by the Europeans that affected the Africans.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Numerouks diseases impadcted the Europeans in Africa during the time of Imperialism.   During the time of Imperialism many explorers and soldiers died of diseaseRead MoreEuropean Imperialism in Africa Essays1518 Words   |  7 Pagescontrol of regions in Africa and set up colonies there. In the beginning, colonization caused the Africans little harm, but before long, the Europeans started to take complete control of wherever they went. The Europeans used their advanced knowledge and technology to easily maneuver through the vast African landscape and used advanced weapons to take control of the African people and their land. The countries that claimed the most land and had the most significant effect on Africa were France, EnglandRead MoreMotives for British Imperialism in Africa5664 Words   |  23 PagesMotives for British Imperialism in Africa Before the Europeans began the New Imperialism in Africa, very little was known about the inner parts of the continent. However, after some explorers delved deeper into the heart of Africa, the Europeans soon realized how economically important this area was, and how much they could profit from it. At the time, Britain had only small occupations of land in Africa, but after they realized that they could make money from the rich resources from the inner regionsRead MoreAfrican Imperialism And Its Effects On Africa1954 Words   |  8 PagesAfrica became known as the â€Å"dark continent† through the Europeans eyes. Not only from the skin color of its inhabitants but also from the vast lands still undiscovered. Due to the Europeans’ view that Africa had a backward sense, they believed it was their responsibility to help. Conflict arose from the creation of a new society resulting in ethnic feuds and imperialism. European imperialistic powers subjugated Africa to strengthe n their own economy. Africa’s rich supply of resources such as a large

What Do You Do Plato s Advice - 1525 Words

Imagine you are forced to make a decision between the love of your life or your family’s expectations that have shaped you as you grew. What do you do? Plato’s advice is too simply: â€Å"Know oneself† However, how can one possibly know oneself, if so much of that one is defined from their family? My great great grandmother Elizabeth Cecelia Hughley Gallagher was forced to make the exact decision, and she faced the decision with courage and self-resilience in herself. Although ancestry has a long history and a history of trials and resilience in their trials, my great grandmother Elizabeth Cecelia Gallagher had obvious struggles that are relatable to today including, the struggle in having courage to stand for oneself or settling for family†¦show more content†¦The clan settled in Willington Delaware, and Elizabeth was baptized on August 20, 1876 in St. Peter’s church. The Hughley’s were always very religious and firmly believed in traditio n. As a child Elizabeth went to school and grew up in a very catholic household. Elizabeth was provided with guidance and helped her to create dreams for her future. Family expectations is something every functioning family possess, in general they are looked at as helpful for shaping a child. As a child you need guidance, and without guidance you would grow up without any guidelines causing confusing at a young age. The universal theme of expectations is well accepted and the universal theme that expectations could be considered as a hindrance in one’s life is universal as well. As Elizabeth neared adult hood and lived as an obedient child and faithful servant, Elizabeth would be faced with a decision that would change her life. Bernard Francis Gallagher was born in 1866 in Donegal Ireland and had moved into town, immigrating around 1886. Bernard was a charming, handsome, talented dancer, who had made Elizabeth fall head over heels for him. Every girl loves an accent and Ber nard’s sweet Irish tone was no exception. Bernard was a heaping ten years old than seventeen year old Elizabeth, but the two feel in love, and within a year decided to get married. However, Elizabeth’s parents who were strong Irish Catholics were incredibly upset when they discovered their baby was willing to

Yugoslavia Essay Research Paper One of the free essay sample

Yugoslavia Essay, Research Paper One of the youngest states of Europe, Yugoslavia was created after World War I as a fatherland for several different rival cultural groups. The state was put together largely from leftovers of the collapsed Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary. Demands for self-government by Slovenes, Croats, Serbs, and others were ignored. Yugoslavia therefore became an uneasy association of peoples conditioned by centuries of cultural and spiritual hates. World War II aggravated these competitions, but Communist absolutism after the war controlled them for 45 old ages. When the Communist system failed, the old competitions reasserted themselves ; and in the early 1990s the state was rent by secessionist motions and civil war. Within several old ages these struggles had drastically altered the size of the state. As it existed in 1990, Yugoslavia was bounded on the North by Austria and Hungary, on the nor-east by Romania, on the E by Bulgaria, on the South by Greece, and on the West by Albania, the Adriatic Sea, and Italy. We will write a custom essay sample on Yugoslavia Essay Research Paper One of the or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was 600 stat mis from north to south and 250 stat mis from West to east at its widest portion. Its entire country was 98,766 square stat mis. Three old ages subsequently the state s country had been reduced by 60 per centum and its population of 23 million cut by more than half. The states of Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina had seceded, go forthing Serbia and Montenegro as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The description below screens Yugoslavia, as it existed prior to decomposition. Yugoslavia has a cragged terrain. The northwesterly country consists of the Karawanken and Julian alps in Slovenia. The latter scope contains Mount Triglav at 9,396 pess. The Dinaric Alps occupy much of the West with extremums making more than 8,000 pess. To the south the Sar Mountains and next scopes belong to the Rhodope massif, which extends due south into Greece. The major country of flatland prevarications in the nor-east and is portion if the big Mid-Danube, or Pannonian, Plain. Along the shore of the Adriatic Sea is a little coastal field known as the Dalmatian seashore. The longest river in Yugoslovia is the Sava, which flows from the Austrian boundary line due east for 584 stat mis to fall in the Danube at Belgrade. The Danube flows for 367 stat mis through Croatia and Serbia. Its major feeders are the Sava, Drava, Tisa, and Morava. Other rivers are the Drina, Bosna, Neretva, and the Vardar. There are more than 200 lakes of which the largest is Lake Scutari on the Albanian boundary line. The cragged nature of the state causes considerable climatic differences from one topographic point to another. The Dalmatian seashore has a typical Mediterranean clime with hot, dry summers and mild, showery winters. The Mid-Danube Plain has a Continental clime with cold winters, hot summers, and moderate precipitation. The mountain parts have on the whole colder and shorter summers and more terrible winters compared with other parts. The major environment jeopardy in Yugoslovia is temblors. The whole part is capable to temblors of considerable badness, and in 1963 the metropolis of Skopje was about wholly destroyed by one. Yugoslavia has legion sedimentations of brown coal, or brown coal, exist, but there is small good-grade black coal. There are some little crude oil and natural gas field. The major beginning of energy is waterpower, which provides about one tierce of the state s electricity. Yugoslavia is a major European manufacturer of lead and Cu. Other minerals include Fe ore, Zn, Ag, gold, nickel, quicksilver, and Sb. About 37 per centum of the state is forest covered. The prevailing species are oak, beech, and other deciduous trees, with such evergreens as pine and fir in the mountains. The dirts of the Mid-Danube Plain are the best in the state for farming. Yugoslavia has a broad scope of animate beings, including cervid, foxes, wolves, Canis aureuss, bears, and seldom, lynxes. Birds include grouse, partridge, swans, turkey vultures, peckerwoods, and pelicans. The Adriatic Sea contains anchovies, pilchards, mackerel, tuna, and other fishes. The dwellers of Yugoslavia were of varied cultural beginnings. Harmonizing to the 1981 nose count the largest group was the Serbs, who numbered 8.1 million, or 36 per centum of the population. Like the bulk of Yugoslavs, they speak a Slavic linguistic communication. They belong to the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Croats totaled 4.4 million, 20 per centum of the population. They speak a linguistic communication similar to that of the Serbs but are Roman Catholics. The Slovenes totaled 1.8 million and lived in the northwesterly corner of the state. They have their ain Slavic linguistic communication and are Roman Catholics. Other Slavs include the Macedonians 1.3 million and the Montenegrins 600 1000. Both groups are Eastern Orthodox. There were about 2 million Muslims, descended from Slavs who converted to Islam during the long Turkish business. In 1991 the nose count showed a entire population of 23,475,887, with the cultural proportions staying about the same. A non-Slavic people, the Albanians, live in the southern portion of the state. They figure about 1.7 million and are the fastest-growing cultural group. Many are Muslims. There are smaller groups of Hungarians, Romanians, Bulgarians, Slovaks, Czechs, and others who live largely in the northeasterly state of Vojvodina. The largest metropolis is Belgrade, in Serbia, with about 1.6 million dwellers. Zagreb, in Croatia, is the 2nd largest, with over 930,000. Other metropoliss with more than 250,000 dwellers are Skopje, Sarajevo, Ljublijana, and Novi Sad. Yugoslav civilization has been influenced by the Slavs, Turks, Italians, and Austrians. In general the impact of the long Turkish business is seen in the nutrient, common people costumes, and architecture of many of the people. Modern Yugoslav art is best known for it sculpture. Ivan Metrovic achieved universe celebrity for his dramatic statues. He spent the ulterior old ages of his life in the United States and had a figure of talented followings, including Anton Augustin. Such contemporary painters as Mila Milunovic, Petar Dobrovic, and Milan Konjovic have been influenced by the Gallic school. The earliest Yugoslav literature was spiritual in nature. The first popular literature appeared in medieval Serbia, chiefly in the signifier of heroic poem verse forms depicting the battle of the Serbs against the Turks. These verse forms were chanted by folk singers who traveled from small town to village. In Dubrovnik and other topographic points on the Dalmatian seashore, a more sophisticated literature influenced by the Italian Renaissance developed. Poetry and play were peculiarly popular. In the nineteenth century Serbian authors laid the foundations of a modern literature. Vuk Karadzic reformed the linguistic communication and collected common people poesy, while Petar Petrovic Njego produced heroic poesy on the subject of autonomy. In Croatia, Ljudevit Gaj, and in Slovenia, France Preeren, were taking figures in the development of their peoples literature. Among modern authors are the Serbs Branimir Cosic, Branko Opic, and Ivo Andric, whose novel The Bridge in the Drina has been translated into many linguistic communications. The Croat authors Vladimir Nazor, Miroslav Krleza, and Slavko Kolar are besides popular. Yugoslav folklore is really colourful. Each cultural group has its ain costumes, vocals, and dances. The most popular common people dance is the kolo, a circle dance performed to lively music. Soccer is the most popular athletics, and Yugoslavia has produced some star participants. Yugoslav hoops squads have besides had some success in international competitions. Winter athleticss are popular, particularly in the Alps of Slovenia. The winter Olympic games of 1984 were held in Sarajevo in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Farming is a major business, using about 29 per centum of the labour force. Most farms are owned in private and are little. The major harvests are maize, wheat, barley, oats, murphies, sugar Beta vulgariss, helianthuss, baccy, and alfalfa. About one tierce of the agricultural country consists of grazing lands for croping sheep, hogs, and cowss. Much of this is in the mountains. The turning of fruit includes plums, apples, Prunus persicas, pears, apricots, Cydonia oblongas, and cherries. Figs and olives are grown chiefly along the seashore. Grapes are widely grown and vino produced, some for export. Fishing is carried out along the Adriatic seashore and on the Danube River. Forestry is concentrated manfully in the mountain woods of the northwest. It supports mush and paper and furniture industries. Much of Yugoslavia s industry is located in the Northwest, where it was originally established by the Austrians. The oldest Fe and steel works is at Jesenice in Slovenia, and the largest is at Zenica in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The processing and refinement of metallic minerals gives considerable employment. There is an technology industry based chiefly in the North and around Belgrade. The car industry has been developed with foreign assistance. A little, low-priced auto called the Yugo, based on an Italian Fiat theoretical account, is manufactured for export. Ships are built in the Adriatic ports of Rijeka, Pula, and Split. Fabrics and chemicals are besides produced, and fruits, fish, and baccy are processed. Factories and other economic endeavors in Yugoslavia have non been run by the province as in other Communist states. They are operated by workers councils, which compete with one another for clients and advertise as in the West. The jobs of rail building in a cragged state such as Yugoslavia have favored the development of a main road web. There are two major main roads one running from the Austrian boundary line to Greece and the other along the Adriatic seashore. The latter is used by the big Numberss of tourers who visit the coastal metropoliss and resorts. Tourism is a major beginning of foreign income. The major ports are Rijeka, Split, PloCe, Koper, and Bar. Yugoslav Airlines is province owned and flies to many foreign finishs. The chief international airdromes are at Belgrade and Zagreb. Postal, telegraph, and telephone services are run by the province. Radio and telecasting broadcast medium are besides under the control of a province organisation. Education is mandatory between the ages of 7 and 15. All instruction is free, including that at the university degree. There are particular schools for the smaller cultural minorities. Each democracy has its ain university. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia consisted of six democracies: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Froatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. The democracy of Serbia contains the independent states of Kosovo and Vojvodina. Each democracy and state had its ain fundamental law and assembly. Local personal businesss were handled by smaller assemblies. At the top of this system of assemblies was the Assembly of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which was divided into two Chamberss the Federal Chamber and the Chamber of Republics and Provinces. There was a State Presidency with nine members. It functioned as a corporate presidential term with a president at its caput. The place of president rotated every twelvemonth among the representatives of the democracies and states. Until 1990, merely one political party, the League of Communists, was permitted. Any effort to organize parties based on cultural beginnings was strongly opposed. The ascendants of the Yugoslavs appeared in the part in the seventh century. The Slovenes formed a little province that was absorbed by the ninth century by the Franks, a Germanic people. The Croats developed an independent province under King Tomislav at the beginning of the tenth century. At the terminal of the 11th, nevertheless, Croatia came under Magyar control. By the twelfth century the Serbs had established a powerful province, and the fourteenth century Stefan Duan, male monarch of Serbia, extended his imperium to include Macedonia and much of Greece. A major catastrophe overtook the South Slavs with the Turkish invasion of southeasterly Europe in the 15-century. Turkish control of the part lasted for five centuries. At the same clip Slovenia and Croatia became portion of the Austrian Hapsburg Empire. Rebellions broke out at assorted times. In 1555 the Slovenes and in 1573 the Croats revolted against Hapsburg regulation to no help. In 1804 the Serbs rose against the Turks under their national hero, Karageorge, and once more in 1815 under Milo Obrenovic. In 1830 Serbia won partial independency from Turkey with Obrenovic as male monarch, and in 1867 full independency was achieved. During the period of Turkish control, the little province of Montenegro maintained its independency. The city state of Ragusa ( now Dubrovnik ) besides remained free of foreign control by adept diplomatic negotiations. In 1812 and 1913 Serbia was winning in the Balkan Wars against Turkey and Bulgaria. In 1914 the blackwash of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria by a Serb gave Austria-Hungary the alibi to declare war on Serbia, and event that led to World War I. After the war the dissolution of Austria-Hungary made possible the creative activity of a new province for the South Slavs. In 1918 the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was proclaimed ; it was renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. The land endured as an uneasy alliance of reciprocally hostile cultural groups. In 1939 an understanding was reached to give Croatia liberty, but in 1941 Yugoslavia was invaded by Germany, Italy, and Hungary. Serbs resisted the business forces, and the Communist Partisans under the leading if Josip Broz, known as Tito, became the dominant group. The Croats and Slovenes, nevertheless, sided openly with Germany and Italy. In 1945 the state became a democracy with the Communists as its swayers. Although Serbs remained the dominant population, Tito himself was half Croat and half Slovene. In 1948 Yugoslavia was expelled from the Soviet axis for declining to subject to Soviet orders. Tito managed successfully to maneuver a nonaligned way between the two world powers, the Soviet Union and the United States. After Stalin died in 1953, this undertaking became easier. Then Tito died in 1980, and the delicate federation he had held together began to unknot. The League of Communists relinquished their constitutionally guaranteed monopoly on power, and in 1990 the first free multiparty elections were held since Tito took power. In May 1991 Serbia and its Alliess blocked the election of a Croat to the federal presidential term, go forthing the state without a president. A new Serbian leader emerged Slobodan Milosevic, who renewed the antique promise of a Greater Serbia. This end entailed taking parts of other democracies where Serbian minorities lived and unifying them with Serbia. On June 25, 1991, Croatia and Serbia declared their independency from Yugoslavia. Federal military personnels made up largely of Serbs poured into Slovenia, resisted by Slovenian reserves. The Serbs invaded Croatia. At the terminal of 1991 Germany, followed by the European Community and the United States, recognized the independency of Croatia and Slovenia. A cease-fire went into consequence, go forthing Slovenia and Croatia mostly at peace fro the clip being. But Serbia had taken approximately one tierce of Croatia s district. The force spread following to Bosnia and Herzegovina. Early 1992 the democracy voted for independency, but the big Serb minority boycotted the referendum. Recognition by the European Community and the United States followed in April. A new Yugoslavia, made up of Serbia and Montenegro, was proclaimed in April of 1992. Meanwhile, a civil war had erupted throughout the democracy as Serb reserves shelled metropoliss and towns. The state of affairs in Bosnia was complicated by spiritual differences. Many of its occupants, Serb and Croat likewise, were Muslims. Serbs tended largely to be Serbian Orthodox, while Croatians were largely Roman Catholic. These competitions added to the cultural hates. Croat and Serb Christians besides turned their arms on the Muslim minority. A run of terrorist act and race murder, which they termed cultural cleaning, was started by the Serbs against Muslim. Many Muslims were killed outright. Muslim adult females were raped, and work forces and male childs were put into concentration cantonments. At least two million people became refugees, and about 140,000 were losing presumed dead. By the terminal of 1992, Serb forces had occupied more than 70 per centum of Bosnia. Many of its metropoliss were in ruins, among them Sarajevo, the capital. The United Nations imposed economic countenances but obtained no peace colony. Croatia and Serbia had determined to split Bosina between them, go forthing little enclaves for Muslims to populate. In Serbia itself the countenances had created mayhem. Hyperinflation was running at the unparalled per centum rare of quadrillions per twelvemonth, presenting a menace to the endurance of the province. 31c

The Lost Tribes Essay Example For Students

The Lost Tribes Essay Following the death of Solomon in c. 937 B.C. his crown passed to his son, Rehoboam. Due to Rehoboams rather tyranical rule revolution broke out against the House of David and the Kingdom of Palestine split in two. Of the twelve tribes of Israelites which Moses had led out of Eygpt, ten joined in the revolt while two remained loyal to Rehoboam. These loyalist, comprised of the tribes of Benjamin and Judah formed the southern Kingdom of Judah with its capital at Jerusalem. In the north, a new kingdom was formed, Israel, with its capital at Samaria. The tribes of Reuben, Gad, Zebulon, Simeon, Dan, Ascher, Ephraim, Manasseh, Naphtali, and Issacher comprised the Kingdom of Israel. For 200 years Israel and Judah waged war against each another until 734 B.C., when the Assyrian King Tiglath-pileser III attacked the Kingdom of Israel and carried of hundreds of thousands of Samarians into capitivity. His sucessors, Shalmaneser V and Sargon II, continued on to complete the conquest of Israel. In 722 B.C. the city of Samaria fell to the Assyrians and the last of the members of the ten tribes were carried away into captivity. (II Kings 17:6).